Хронические неинфекционные заболевания являются основной причиной инвалидности и преждевременной смертности населения Российской Федерации.
На долю смертей от хронических неинфекционных заболеваний приходится порядка 70% всех случаев, из которых более 40% являются преждевременными. Согласно определению Всемирной организации здравоохранения хронических неинфекционных заболеваний – это болезни, характеризующиеся продолжительным течением и являющиеся результатом воздействия комбинации генетических, физиологических, экологических и поведенческих факторов.
К основным типам хронических неинфекционных заболеваний относятся болезни системы кровообращения, злокачественные новообразования, болезни органов дыхания и сахарный диабет.
50% вклада в развитие хронических неинфекционных заболеваний вносят основные 7 факторов риска:
- курение,
- нерациональное питание,
- низкая физическая активность,
- потребление алкоголя,
- повышенный уровень артериального давления,
- повышенный уровень холестерина в крови,
- ожирение.
Очевидно, что самым действенным методом профилактики развития хронических неинфекционных заболеваний является соблюдение принципов здорового питания, повышение физической активности и отказ от вредных привычек.
Важнейшую роль в профилактике заболеваний играет контроль за состоянием здоровья, регулярное прохождение профилактических медицинских осмотров и диспансеризации
Основные рекомендации для профилактики заболеваний:
1. Знать свои цифры, характеризующие здоровье (уровень холестерина в крови, уровень артериального давления, уровень глюкозы в крови, индекс массы тела, окружность талии); 2. Регулярно проходить профилактические медицинские осмотры и диспансеризацию;
3. Правильно питаться:
- Ограничить потребление соли (до 5 г/сутки — 1 чайная ложка без верха);
- Увеличить потребление фруктов и овощей (не менее 400-500 гр. в день — 5 порций);
- Увеличить потребление продуктов из цельного зерна, бобовых для обеспечения организма клетчаткой;
- Снизить потребление насыщенных жиров и отказаться от потребления трансжиров. Рацион должен содержать достаточное количество растительных масел (20-30 г/сутки), обеспечивающих организм полиненасыщенными жирными кислотами (рыба не менее 2 раз в неделю, желательно жирных сортов);
- Ограничить потребление продуктов, содержащих добавленный сахар (сладкие газированные напитки, мороженое, пирожное и др. сладости).
4. Не курить;
5. Отказаться от потребления алкогольных изделий;
6. Быть физически активным:
- Взрослые люди должны уделять не менее 150 минут в неделю занятиям· средней интенсивности или не менее 75 минут в неделю занятиям высокой интенсивности;
- Каждое занятие должно продолжаться не менее 10 минут;
- Увеличение длительности занятий средней интенсивности до 300 минут в неделю или до 150 минут в неделю высокой интенсивности необходимо для того, чтобы получить дополнительные преимущества для здоровья;
- Необходимо чередовать анаэробные и аэробные нагрузки (аэробные нагрузки — 5-7 раз в неделю, анаэробные нагрузки — 2-3 раза в неделю).
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